In this post we’ll be focusing on a part of your digital life that quietly influences everything else: the computer you use to log into accounts, manage websites, edit files, and store personal data.
Even if you’re diligent about passwords and browser security, a compromised laptop can undo good habits quickly. Malware doesn’t have to “hack the website” directly to cause damage. If it can steal saved credentials, tamper with files before you upload them, or hijack your clipboard while you copy API keys, it can still create a mess, especially for site owners using SSH/SFTP tools, Git clients, file sync apps, and password managers.
While security and privacy overlap, they aren’t identical. Some platforms and services make different tradeoffs. This guide focuses on reducing the chance your computer gets compromised and limiting the damage if it does.
Start from a clean baseline
If the computer isn’t brand new, or if you’ve inherited it from years of installs, random utilities, and mystery browser extensions, starting fresh is one of the most reliable security moves. A clean install removes hidden persistence mechanisms, clears out old software you forgot about, and resets configuration drift that accumulates over time.
Before you wipe anything, make sure you can restore what matters:
- Export anything irreplaceable (photos, documents, code, etc.).
- Confirm you know your Apple ID / Microsoft account credentials (and have recovery methods).
- If you use full disk encryption, locate and store recovery keys safely.
macOS
On modern macOS systems, the simplest path is usually built-in erase/reinstall tooling rather than manual “DIY” workflows.
- If your Mac offers Erase All Content and Settings, use it. It’s the cleanest way to reset while keeping the operating system trustworthy.
- Otherwise, boot into macOS Recovery, use Disk Utility to erase the system volume, then reinstall macOS from Recovery.
Apple’s official guidance is the best reference for exact steps on your hardware, since Apple Silicon and Intel Macs differ slightly.
One small but important detail is that if your Mac uses an SSD (most do), the default format is typically APFS. You’ll see other format options in Disk Utility, but you usually don’t need to overthink this, the recovery process tends to guide you to the right outcome.
Windows
Windows has improved a lot here. For most people, Reset this PC is the best first choice:
- Open Settings → System → Recovery → Reset this PC
- Choose whether you want to keep files (faster, but less “clean”) or remove everything (more thorough)
- Prefer Cloud download if you suspect your local system files might be damaged
Microsoft’s overview is here: Reset or reinstall Windows.
If you want the most “surgical” clean install, use Microsoft’s official media tools and reinstall from USB (especially helpful if you’re repurposing a machine or handing it off).
Reinstall apps like you mean it
A fresh OS only stays fresh if you avoid reinstalling questionable add-ons.
- On macOS, stick to the App Store where possible and reputable vendors for the rest. If you’re comfortable with it, Homebrew is a popular option for managing developer tools and keeping them updated.
- On Windows, the Microsoft Store and Windows Package Manager (winget) can reduce the risk of downloading random installers from random sites.
Lock down the basics: login, lock screen, and accounts
Use a strong sign-in and stop treating password changes as routine chores
A strong password still matters, but the “change it every six months” rule has aged poorly. Frequent forced changes often lead to predictable patterns, reused variations, and sticky notes.
Instead:
- Use a long passphrase (length beats complexity most days).
- Make it unique (no reusing your email password).
- Prefer a password manager so you’re not relying on memory for everything.
While there are many solid options for password managers, the “best” one is the one you’ll actually use consistently.
And if your device supports it, turn on modern sign-in convenience that doesn’t weaken security:
- Touch ID on Macs
- Windows Hello (PIN tied to the device + biometrics) on Windows
Convenience matters because it reduces the temptation to disable locks.
Set short auto-lock and require authentication immediately
Aim for a lock screen to activate quickly when you step away. Two minutes is a decent default for many people. Choose what fits your environment, but avoid “never” and “one hour.”
On macOS:
- Open your System Settings and select Lock Screen.
- Set display sleep / screen saver behavior.
- Require password immediately (or within a very short window).
On Windows:
- Open Settings > Accounts and refer to Sign-in options for Windows Hello/PIN behavior.
- Open Settings → Personalization → Lock screen → Screen saver (if you use it).
Windows lock screen settings - Consider Dynamic Lock if you use a paired phone and want the machine to lock when you walk away.
Use a standard account for daily work
This one is simple and still widely ignored: don’t run day-to-day as an administrator.
- Use a standard user for browsing, email, and everyday work.
- Keep a separate admin account for installs and system changes.
This reduces how far malware can get if it lands.
If other people need access, avoid sharing your account. A separate user profile or guest access, if you need it, prevents password managers, browsing sessions, and cloud tokens from bleeding across users.
Updates: The habit that prevents exciting problems
If you do only one thing from this guide, make sure it’s turning on automatic updates and stopping the bad habit of postponing restarts.
Update the operating system
- On macOS: System Settings → General → Software Update
- On Windows: Settings → Windows Update
Turn on automatic updates if available, and allow security responses to install quickly. Many successful attacks aren’t sophisticated; they’re simply fast.
Browsers, password managers, VPN clients, and cloud sync tools are high-value targets. Keep them current, and uninstall anything you no longer use. Every extra application is another potential vulnerability.
If a program is no longer maintained, treat it like expired food. It doesn’t matter how useful it used to be.
Remove what you don’t need
Most infections don’t arrive through “advanced hacking.” They arrive through:
- Shady installers
- Fake update prompts
- Browser extensions that shouldn’t exist
- Documents that shouldn’t have been opened
Uninstall aggressively.
On macOS:
- Remove apps from the Applications folder you no longer use
- Then review Login Items in System Settings so old helpers aren’t running invisibly
On Windows:
- Settings → Apps → Installed apps
- Uninstall anything you don’t recognize, don’t use, or don’t trust
A few specific notes that are worth calling out:
Java is fine when you need it… and unnecessary when you don’t. Many people don’t need it at all. If you do need it for a specific tool, keep it updated and avoid leaving a stale runtime installed “just in case.”
PDFs and Office documents are still popular attack vehicles. The goal isn’t to fear them; it’s to handle them carefully:
- Prefer opening PDFs in your browser’s built-in viewer unless you need advanced features
- Keep your PDF reader updated if you use one (Adobe Acrobat, Preview, etc.)
- For Office files, be extremely cautious with macros and disable them unless you truly understand why a file needs them
If you want an additional safety buffer for unknown documents, open them inside a sandboxed environment (more on that later).
Built-in security you should actually turn on
macOS
macOS includes several layers that do a lot of quiet work: app signing checks, malware signature updates, quarantine flags on downloaded files, and more. These protections are strongest when you don’t “opt out” of them.
- Make sure you:
- Keep Gatekeeper behavior intact (avoid bypassing it habitually).
- Leave System Integrity Protection (SIP) enabled unless you have a very specific reason not to.
- Review Privacy & Security permissions and remove access you no longer want apps to have.
- Turn on the built-in firewall:
- System Settings → Network → Firewall (exact path can vary slightly by version).
- And enable full disk encryption:
Windows
Modern Windows security is dramatically better than it used to be, but it only helps if it’s enabled.
- At minimum:
- Make sure Microsoft Defender is on and healthy.
- Keep SmartScreen enabled (it blocks a lot of common malware delivery attempts).
- Turn on the Windows Firewall (and don’t disable it because a random app asked nicely).
- If your device supports it, check for:
- Secure Boot
- TPM
- Core Isolation / Memory Integrity (where compatible)
- And encrypt the disk:
If you use BitLocker, store recovery keys safely. Don’t leave them only on the device you want to recover.
Backups are your real ransomware plan
A backup isn’t a backup unless you can restore from it. And a backup that’s always connected can be encrypted right alongside your main drive by ransomware.
A practical approach is the “3-2-1 idea”:
- Keep three copies of important data
- On two different types of storage
- With one copy offline or otherwise protected from automated destruction
macOS
Time Machine is still the easiest solid option. Encrypt the backup disk and set a schedule. If you keep sensitive material, consider storing it in an encrypted container before it touches external drives or cloud sync tools.
Windows
Windows has multiple backup paths depending on edition and preference:
- Built-in backup features for folders and settings
- File History-style approaches for documents
- Third-party tools if you want more control
Whatever you use, the same rules apply: encrypt backups, protect at least one copy from being constantly mounted, and test a restore before you trust it.
Cloud backups (useful, but choose carefully)
Cloud backup can save you if you lose your laptop and your local backup at the same time. Read the fine print, understand whether the provider can access your files, and make sure you’re using strong account security like MFA, recovery codes, and ideally passkeys.
Malware defense
Antivirus and on-demand scanners
On Windows, real-time protection is non-negotiable. Microsoft Defender is a strong baseline for many people, and you can supplement it with periodic second-opinion scans.
On macOS, infections are less common than Windows, but less common is not the same as impossible. If you install a lot of software, handle many downloads, or work in a higher-risk environment, an on-demand scanner is reasonable.
A widely used option across platforms is Malwarebytes. There are other reputable vendors as well; the key is to choose one you trust and keep it updated.
Firewalls and outbound monitoring
The built-in firewalls in macOS and Windows are good at blocking inbound connections. Many people miss that outbound control can be just as valuable. If something malicious runs, it often needs to call home.
- On macOS, tools like Little Snitch are popular for outbound connection prompts and monitoring.
- On Windows, the built-in firewall has advanced capabilities too, though the interface isn’t as friendly. Most users don’t need a third-party firewall if Defender and the Windows Firewall are configured sensibly.
A quick caution: outbound firewalls can be noisy at first. If you click Allow on everything automatically, you may not get much value. Used thoughtfully, they can reveal surprises fast.
Secure DNS
A lot of “bad” connections begin with DNS; your computer asking, “Where is this site?” Using a security-focused DNS resolver can reduce exposure to known malicious domains.
Options people commonly use include Quad9 and Cloudflare’s 1.1.1.1. This isn’t magic armor, but it’s a nice seatbelt layer.
Encryption and physical security (plan for the stolen laptop scenario)
Encryption turns a stolen device into an inconvenience instead of a catastrophe.
- macOS: FileVault (full disk)
- Windows: BitLocker or device encryption (where supported)
Equally important:
- Use a strong device passcode/passphrase
- Don’t leave the machine logged in and unattended
- Disable showing sensitive notifications on the lock screen if you work around others
Also enable device location features if you’re comfortable with them:
- macOS: Find My Mac
- Windows: Find and lock a lost Windows device
And yes, covering your webcam is still a reasonable, low-effort precaution. A simple physical shutter can beat a lot of fancy software promises.
Optional hardening that pays off
If you manage websites, handle client credentials, or often open files from unknown sources, a little extra isolation goes a long way.
Use a separate “risky” environment
Consider a dedicated browser profile (or even a separate user account) for:
- Logging into admin panels,
- Touching production credentials,
- Accessing banking and email.
Keep that environment boring. No random extensions, no experimental plugins, no installing just one more thing.
Sandboxing and virtual machines
If you routinely deal with unknown downloads, suspicious documents, or testing tools, isolate them.
- Windows has Windows Sandbox on supported editions: Windows Sandbox
- Cross-platform virtualization tools like VirtualBox can also help, though hardware compatibility and performance vary depending on your system.
The idea isn’t to live inside a VM for everything. It’s to have a safe quarantine room when you need one.
VPNs
A VPN can help in certain situations: public Wi-Fi, travel, and reducing exposure of your IP address to sites you visit. It doesn’t make you invisible and doesn’t replace good endpoint security, but it can be a sensible tool.
If you choose one, go with a reputable provider and avoid free VPNs that have unclear business models.
Conclusion
Computer security isn’t a single setting you flip; it’s a short list of habits you repeat until they’re automatic. If you want a practical do-this-today sequence, start here:
- Turn on automatic OS updates and restart when prompted.
- Enable full disk encryption.
- Set a short auto-lock and require authentication immediately.
- Remove unused apps and browser extensions.
- Make sure you have at least one backup that you can actually restore from.
- Use a password manager and strengthen your most important accounts.
None of this requires paranoia. It simply reduces the number of easy wins available to attackers. It doesn’t require extreme measures or constant vigilance. Just a few well-chosen habits that go a long way toward reducing risk.
Security is an ongoing practice that benefits from occasional review as your tools and workflows change. Taking the time to get the fundamentals right puts you in a much stronger position when problems inevitably arise.
![Malware comes in many different varieties. Analyst Krasimir Konov is on this month’s Sucuri Sit-Down to help keep them all straight. From malicious iframes to SEO spam, join host Justin Channell as he racks Krasimir’s brain on all the different types of malware. Also, Krasimir discusses his recent blog post about a malicious cURL downloader, and Justin breaks down the latest website security news, including patched plugins you should update. Podcast Transcript Justin Channell: Hello, and welcome to the Sucuri Sit Down. I'm your host, Justin Channell, and this is a monthly podcast about website security, where we get in-depth with the malware removal experts here at Sucuri. Later in the show, I'll have our analyst Krasimir Konov to chat about some different types of malware, but first, let's take a look at other topics we've published on our blog and Sucuri labs notes this month. First up, we have some new information about credit card skimming with hackers using a hybrid method to steal payment information from eCommerce websites. Our analyst Dennis Sinegubko wrote about this for the Sucuri blog back at the beginning of June. Now, most credit card stealing malware is a client side JavaScript that grabs data and sends it to a third party server. But, that approach has a drawback for bad actors because it's still possible to track the requests and catch them as being suspicious. Now, to get around that, bad actors have started harvesting information server side by modifying core PHP files. In this case, the infection would be undetectable from the outside, but it's still going to be pretty easy to find because you're rarely modifying any of those core files, so any of those changes that are going to come up are going to be suspicious. To get around both of these drawbacks, we're seeing bad actors combine the two. So client side snippets of JavaScript are sending stolen credit card data to server side scripts that they've installed on the same server as the site. Now, this allows bad actors to cover their tracks a little bit because the traffic that's being redirected is going to the same server, and that's less likely to be flagged as suspicious. It's a bit more complicated to pull this off, but our team has been seeing this hybrid approach in the wild, so it's something to be on the lookout for. Now, another month has passed, and we found more cross site scripting attacks targeting WordPress plugins. Most notably, we discovered one that affects users of the YITH WooCommerce Ajax Product Filter plugin. Now, this is a plugin that allows WooCommerce stores to be filtered by product type, and it's pretty popular. It's got about 100,000 users right now, so with it being vulnerable, it's very important that all of them update to the latest version, which is 3.11.1. Some of the other plugins we found cross site scripting vulnerabilities with included Elementor Page Builder, Careerfy, JobSearch, and Newspaper. If you're looking for a full list of vulnerabilities that have been patched this month, John Castro at the Sucuri Labs blog has you covered. Check out our show notes for the link. Also, this month I had a blog go up detailing what's called a jibberish hack. It's basically the same motivation as an SEO spam attack where bad actors use your site's good standing to redirect visitors to their own sites. But in this attack, you'll find a bunch of randomly named folders filled with a ton of HTML files with really nonsensical file names like cheap-cool-hairstyles-photos.html. It's just going to be a mishmash of keywords that clearly you didn't put there. Unfortunately, just deleting all those HTML files and folders is not going to be enough to get rid of that jibberish hack though. You're going to need to fully clean any hacked files and database tables, and then you're going to have to deal with all the damage caused to your site's standing. And just keep in mind, if you find anything about that process too daunting, we're always here to help. Now, for this month's Sit Down, we have Sucuri analyst Krasimir Konov. Earlier in June, he had written a lab's note about a malicious downloader script that used the curl function, and we chatted a bit about it, but more importantly, we went really in-depth on all the different varieties of malware that website owners need to be aware of. But, before I get started with Krasimir, I just wanted to remind you about the Sucuri Sync-Up, our sister podcast. It's a weekly website security news briefing that you can find anywhere you get your podcasts, as well as the video version on our social media feed, and now you can even get it on your Amazon Alexa smart speakers. Just search Amazon skills for Sucuri Sync-Up, add the flash briefing, and get new content delivered every Monday. Now, on with the show. Hi Krasimir, thanks for joining us on the show. I thought we could start off and maybe have you tell us a little bit about yourself and what you do here at Sucuri? Krasimir Konov: Yeah, sure. Well, I joined Sucuri originally in 2014, but I've been in the IT business for about 10 years. Nine of those I did security. And currently at Sucuri I'm one of the malware analysts. I used to work in the front lines, used to clean websites and whatnot, and then I gradually moved up, and now I'm working in the malware research department. And my day to day job is basically analyzing malware, and then once I analyze it and figure out what it is, then I will create a signature for it. And we'll add those signatures to our tools, so we can automate some of the work we do. And I also write some Labs Notes blog posts. Usually, if I find something interesting in malware or some security topic, I'll write about it. Justin Channell: Yeah. And of those topics recently that you wrote about, one was about a malicious curl downloader, and how exactly did that work? Krasimir Konov: Right, yeah. That was an interesting one, but not very unique or anything like that. We see that a lot with curl being used as a downloader. It's a very common malware. So rather than including the actual malware in the file, the attackers would use curl to download the malicious code. In this case, they'll download it from Pastebin, but it could be anything. It could be another website or anything like that, and curl would just make a call to the website, request the code. The website will respond with the code, and then later on, there is some code to either save the output somewhere on the website, or you'll just run it through eval and execute the actual code right away. Justin Channell: Right. And you said that it's commonly found in malware, but let's kind of maybe talk a bit broader about malware in general. What is everything that is classified as malware? Krasimir Konov: Well, in general it will be anything that the owner of the website didn't authorize, anything that was added by a third party. There is a lot of different malware. It could be even something like a defacement that will also be considered malware because it was something the user did not authorize. Even though it might not be doing anything malicious on the website, it's not infecting users, the visit is still something they did not authorize. So defacement would also be considered malware. And even something like ransomware where the website is technically not really damaged, it's all encrypted, but it's not infecting anybody. It's not doing anything malicious, but it's still encrypting the entire website and asking the user or the customer, the owner of the website for a ransom they need to pay in order to get the website back online. Justin Channell: Okay. Let's maybe break it down to each individual type of malware. For example, what would be a way that maybe I-frames could be maliciously used by a hacker? Krasimir Konov: Yeah. An I-frame can be used maliciously when it loads content from another location. You can look at the I-frame as a window that just opens another website. So anything that website has on it, you're pretty much loading it through the I-frame. So if that website is infected and it's serving some kind of malware, by opening an I-frame, you're loading all those elements, everything that was on this website. And sometimes the I-frame can be as small as pixel or something hidden somewhere off the screen, so you wouldn't even know that it was opening it. Justin Channell: And yeah, I feel like we've also seen a lot of them where they're used almost to mimic popups as well. Krasimir Konov: Yeah. I mean the I-frame, it could just load from another website and the other website could do anything. It could be serving just malware and it would try to infect the user that doesn't even know that they're being connected to the other website. It could just have some other JavaScript that's just trying to open up pop ups on the original website through the I-frame. Yeah, it could be a lot of things. Justin Channell: Okay. And also, let's talk a little bit about conditional redirects and how those work. What allows a script to detect which devices are coming in and where they're coming from? Krasimir Konov: Right. Yeah. That's a common one we see a lot. Basically, a conditional redirect would be something, it's a redirect on the website. It's obviously malicious, but there's certain conditions that need to be met before the redirect is actually executed or the redirect happens. For example, let's say if it's on a phishing website or a phishing page that is hidden somewhere on the website. For example, if Google visits it, obviously the attacker doesn't want Google to see the actual phishing page and record it as a phishing page. So they'll look for, for example, the IP address. They would look for the user agent. And a lot of times they can tell that it's a bot. So they'll just return a 404 response, for example, that will be like, "Oh, page not found." So Google would be like, "Oh, it looks like this page doesn't exist." But then if a regular user goes to the same page, then those conditions will be met. The actual website or the script behind the phishing will check and see, and be like, "Oh, this one is running Firefox or Chrome," and be like, okay. And then they'll look at the IP and be like, "Oh, he's in whatever, he's in United States somewhere." And he's like, "Oh, okay. That's good." And then once all of these conditions are met, then the actual script will serve them the actual phishing page. And it'll be like, "Oh, you need to fill out this to recover your account or whatever, or type in your credentials to log in here." Justin Channell: And so this is the type of thing we're really, a website owner is going to run into this more commonly when people are complaining about they're getting served bad content or whatever, and they can't seem to replicate it. It's likely probably these kind of redirects. Is that right? Krasimir Konov: Right, right. It could be something as specific as, for example, a range of IP addresses that correspond to an ISP or maybe let's say a country. It could be like, "Oh, were targeting only customers in the US," so if you're connecting from another country and you go to the same website or the same page, it would just say 404. It will give you a page not found. But then if you actually have an IP address from the United States, you're connecting from the United States, then it will actually show you the phishing page. Justin Channell: Now another type of malware I feel like we see a lot here is SEO spam. We hear people talking about that. What are some of the top SEO spam keywords that you see coming through? Krasimir Konov: Yeah. We get that a lot. We see a lot of spam on websites. A lot of times attackers will use SEO spam to gain ranking for their own website. Or they'll just try to include some kind of SEO spam in links to another website that they're currently running or something. I mean, these things change all the time. So a website might be up for a week and then it'll disappear, and then they'll start another campaign. But yeah, we see that a lot. We see all kinds of keywords they use. Most common ones will be something like Viagra. We'll have like jerseys for sale. A lot of times, they'll use name brands like Nike, Rolex, Prada. We've seen even some essay writing services for some reason. I'm not sure why, but that's common. We see, for example, pharmaceuticals a lot that will use specific medicine names. They'll use all kinds of replicas, like a replica bag of this, replica this, replica that. We'd see prescription, also payday loans. And obviously there's some adult related sites and things like that keywords. Justin Channell: So pretty much anything that people are going to be searching and clicking on are probably going to be targets for SEO spam? Krasimir Konov: Right. I think a lot of it commonly is pharma related because a lot of people are looking to buy medicine online, and a lot of times will require a prescription. So a lot of people are like, "Oh, let me see if I can find this medicine that I can buy it online somewhere." They don't need a prescription. They don't want to pay to visit a doctor and whatnot, and they'll look for it. And yeah. Justin Channell: Now, whenever somebody's website does get hacked with a SEO spam attack, what kind of effect can it have on the website beyond just being defaced? Krasimir Konov: Yeah. You can have a lot of things can happen, negative things. For example, the website can be blacklisted because of the keywords. And that usually represents a big red warning when you go on the website, depending on who blacklisted it. But if it's Google, for example, you'll see a big warning and it'll tell you this website contains malware or there's something wrong with this website. So, pretty much all the traffic on the website will be gone. And then you can also lose a lot of your reputation if there is a SEO spam on the website. For example, if you were ranked in say number five for certain keywords that represent your product on Google search engines, and then suddenly you get hit with SEO spam, then all these search engines then go and visit the website. And all of a sudden they're like, "Oh, there's all these weird key words on here, all this SEO spam that's causing a lot of mixed signals." And the search engines are like, "Oh, where do we rank this website now? Do we rank them with this product that's originally what the website is about? Or do we take into consideration all these other keywords that are mixed up that are SEO spam?" So, all of a sudden your website might go from being ranked number five on the first page to being on the 10th page. And then you rank for all these other keywords that you didn't intend to. And then people search for something completely different. They're searching for jerseys or something, or now they're searching for Prada products, and then suddenly your website pops up in there. So you're not really getting any good traffic, not targeted traffic. But, yeah. Justin Channell: Okay. So in a lot of ways, the effects of SEO spam would kind of be the same for defacements or any kind of malware with the blacklisting, but it does bring that kind of unique part to it where then it can also then bring traffic that you weren't expecting from somebody searching for jerseys, for example. I had not really ever thought about that. Krasimir Konov: Right, right. Yeah. It will definitely bring some traffic. I've seen a lot of times where websites will be connected. Let's say, there was 1,000 websites that were all infected with SEO spam, and it will kind of link each other to try to bring each other up into the rankings. And so you would see a lot of strange traffic from some random websites that were, for example, that were previously infected, even if they might not be anymore. But yeah, they'll be sending traffic to you or there'll be usually search engines sending you traffic, but for the wrong keywords. People are looking for something else, so obviously they're not going to be interested in your website. They're not going to buy anything because they're not looking for that. Justin Channell: And now, so thinking of the way websites get infected, a very common way it seems to be is through phishing campaigns. What are some recommendations you have for the best ways to avoid becoming a phishing victim? Krasimir Konov: Yeah. There is some ways. I mean, it depends really on the type of attack. Obviously, a lot of people, when they think of phishing, they think, "Oh, it's just like a PayPal phishing page and it just looks like the original," but it could be more subtle. If it's just a regular page where you're just going and you get redirected to another website, obviously the first thing to look is if you have the security padlocks, make sure that traffic is encrypted. A lot of these websites don't really have any encryption nowadays. More are starting to get that with pre SSLs being issued and whatnot. But that's the first thing to look and see, make sure. Anywhere you're typing your sensitive information, you want to make sure you have the padlock to make sure everything is encrypted. Krasimir Konov: But also you want to look at the URL of the actual website you're visiting. A lot of times they'll try to hide it. So you might have to be careful and look closely. Something that might be an I will be an L or something like that. And a capital I and L might look kind of similar into your IRL, so you might miss something like that. Say, if you're looking for PayPal and it might replace the L with an I, and if you don't look closely, it might look exactly the same. And you're like, "Oh, okay, it's paypal.com," but not really. So yeah. Just pay attention to the URL, make sure it is the actual website. There's no paypal.com dot something, dot something else, dot com. Yeah. You want it to just say paypal.com, and then it'll have forward slash and something else. But yeah, it gets more complicated when you have, for example, a phishing page that's injected into a regular page. For example, you have a checkout page on a website that you're buying things from and you go through the checkout page and you're looking at where you type in your credit card information and whatnot. And you might have a phishing page that actually looks exactly like a little box that gives you where you put in your credit card number, or your name, your address, and all that. So that will be more subtle. For example, that could be also an I-frame that's just coming from another page. And it will look exactly like it's part of the website. You're on the legitimate website, but only that portion of the website is actually the phishing page. And you look at it and you're like, "Oh, okay. It looks fine. I'm just putting my credentials." So that one could be a lot harder to figure it out. Usually, if it's something like that, I look for something that looks kind of out of place. Maybe they didn't get the right font. It might not be the same as the original website or there might be something out of place, some fields that are missing or some fields that are squished into the left or the right. It looks kind of awkward. It's like, why would this be like this? The whole website looks professional. There's a pink background or something, for example, and then suddenly there's this white box in the middle. It's like, ah, it looks kind of weird, out of place. Justin Channell: So pretty much if anything looks slightly out of place, you really should double check everything at that point. Krasimir Konov: Right. Right. Yeah. Obviously there's more ways that you can check, but I wouldn't get into more technical, like inspecting elements and looking at stuff, but yeah. Justin Channell: And now another type of malware that's kind of, and it kind of plays in with whatever the other infection is, is backdoors. Can you give us some examples of what backdoors can be? It's mainly just when a hacker can get back into the site to reinfect it, but I know there are a ton of different methods. And what are some of the more common ones and then maybe some that really interesting that you've seen? Krasimir Konov: Yeah, there is a lot. They'll probably be one of the first things the hacker would do is if they compromise a website, obviously they'll try to spread backdoors and just inject code everywhere so they can get back in, even if the owner of the website or webmaster cleans it. They want to try and hide some malicious code somewhere so they can always get back in. There's many variations. A backdoor could be something as simple as a single line of code to just [inaudible 00:20:19] argument, some kind of string or something via get or post. Krasimir Konov: And then it runs into an eval, so it evaluates the code and executes it. And some backdoors are very complex and they can be included in, let's say you have a WordPress site and you have a specific login page where all the login credentials are being processed and everything else. They could even inject code into that to basically bypass the whole login mechanism so that they can just bypass everything. They don't even have to know any user. They don't have to know the password, nothing. They'll just include some lines in there, and every time they'll be just able to log in. Yeah. It gets pretty crazy. Yeah. I mean, there's all kinds of malware. There is always a malware, for example, that just targets credit cards and will just target the eCommerce websites. And they'll just try to steal the login credentials, I mean, the credit cards. They'll try to get your address, your credit card information, any kind of CVV code or whatever you typed into the billing address, everything. And then there's also malware like the backdoors that are just trying to keep the attacker in control and trying to get them back into the website. There's just so many variations of what a malicious user might want to do on a website. Some can be something as simple as just reinfecting the website. They don't want to keep control. They just want to keep reinfecting it with some kind of malware. So even if you clean it, it would just get reinfected. Some of them in the database, otherwise might be in the files. We've seen some added into a [inaudible 00:22:14] job that just keeps running on the server. There could be malware that is just a giant to, for example, attack out of websites. Like for example, a distributed denial service where they put the same malware on thousands of websites. And then they try to send traffic to one website to try to bring it down. Yeah. People try to do all kinds of stuff with websites. We've seen even some cryptocurrency mining malware that you go onto a website and suddenly your PC starts running like crazy. And you're like, what the hell is going on? Your fans turn on and the PC is 100% CPU. And it turns out that the website has some malware that's just by mining Bitcoins with your CPU and it's using all of it. Justin Channell: Wow. Okay. So one question now, the last question I have is of all the malware that you've seen, what do you think is the coolest piece of malware that you've ever seen? Krasimir Konov: I think the coolest would be the ones that are so subtle that you don't even know that it's there. For example, we've seen some that were pretty innovative. It will be just a one liner code that's just one line. And for example, it will be let's say 40-50 characters, something like that. And that's all it is. And they'll hide it somewhere in between the legitimate code. And if you don't know what you're looking for, you would never see it. It doesn't look suspicious. There is no links to some other website. There's no some kind of encrypted code or anything like that. It's just a simple one line. And then if you're just scrolling through the file looking for something, you would never see it. It just looks like all the other code. And then if you look closely, you're like, "Oh, there's this..." Look closely, and you're like, "Oh wow, this is not supposed to be there." And then you keep looking at it and you're like, "This looks really weird." And then you see that it's actually doing some malicious things and trying to evaluate some code or taking output from the outside, I mean, some input from outside, you can call it and give it code to run. Justin Channell: Well, Krasimir, thanks for coming on and talking to us for today. Krasimir Konov: Yeah. Thank you. Thank you. I'm so happy. I'm glad I was able to do this podcast and I can't wait to do another one. Justin Channell: Yeah, we'll have you on again. Thanks. Krasimir Konov: Thank you. Justin Channell: Thanks again to Krasimir for joining us here on the Sit Down. We'll be back with another episode next month. So be sure to subscribe on Apple podcasts, Spotify, Stitcher, or any podcasting platform. Also, be sure to follow us on social media at Sucuri Security and check us out at sucuri.net. That's S-U-C-U-R-I.net. I'm Justin Channell, And this has been the Sucuri Sit Down. Stay safe out there.](https://blog.sucuri.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/20-sucuri-podcast-blog-post_blog_image-390x183.jpg)
Justin Channell
Sucuri Malware Research Team
Jonas Andrijauskas
Art Martori
Rianna MacLeod
Northon Torga
Victor Santoyo
Pilar Garcia
Kyle Knight
3 comments
Good overview! A neat little program I use on MacOS is AppCleaner, it removes the various system files associated with programs that typically don’t get removed during normal uninstall (1.ii.)
Thanks a lot Caleb !
Your article has been of great help to my computer security.
If they do not use the computer for very special things like games it would also be highly recommended that they install Linux (Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora….) that is free and more secure than Windows
Comments are closed.